Prevalence of Frailty in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Valve Surgery: Comparison of Frailty Tools

Abstract Background There is no consensus among tools for assessing frailty. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of frailty according to different tools in patients referred for elective valve cardiac surgery. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. All patients were ≥ 18 years of age, clinically stable. The following patients were excluded: those unable to perform the tests because of physical, cognitive, or neurological limitations; those requiring non elective/emergency procedures or hemodynamic instability. During the preoperative cardiology visit, frailty was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Frailty Deficit Index (FDI), handgrip strength, and gait speed 3m. For the entire analysis, the statistical significance was set at 5%. Results Our cohort consisted of 258 subjects. From the total cohort, 201 were ≤ 70 years of age (77.9%), the predominant etiology according to rheumatic disease (50.7% vs 8.8%; p=0.000) with double mitral lesion (24.9% vs 0%; p=0.000). Frailty was present in 32.9% according SPPB, 29.1% with reduced muscular strength. and 8.9% with FDI. Handgrip strength was weaker in elderly patients (26.7 vs 23.6; p=0.051) and gait speed was lower in the younger group, in which 36% were considered frail (36% vs 14%; p=0.002). Variables associated with frailty were age ≥ 70 years, female gender, aortic stenosis, and regurgitation. Conclusion Frailty in adult patients who will have elective heart valve surgery is present even in the younger groups, although the older group with comorbidities are more frail. Frailty was more clearly shown by the SPPB than by the FDI and handgrip tests.

Dilatação endoscópica de anastomose gastrojejunal após bypass gástrico / Endoscopic dilation of gastrojejunal anastomosis after gastric bypass

INTRODUÇÃO: Bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux pode resultar em estenose de anastomose gastrojejunal. Não há protocolo de tratamento bem definido para essa complicação. OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da dilatação endoscópica em pacientes com estenose, através de revisão sistemática, incluindo complicações e taxa de sucesso. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada busca dos estudos relevantes publicados de 1988 a 2010 na base de dados do PubMed, sendo identificados 23 estudos para análise. Apenas os que descreviam o tratamento de estenose de anastomose após bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux foram incluídos e relatos de caso que apresentavam menos de três pacientes foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: A idade média da população foi de 42,3 anos e o índice de massa corpórea pré-operatório médio foi de 48,8 kg/m². No total, 760 pacientes (81% feminino) foram submetidos a 1298 procedimentos, sendo realizadas 1,7 dilatações por paciente. Balões Through-the-scope foram utilizados em 16 estudos (69,5%) e dilatador de Savary-Gilliard em quatro. Apenas 2% dos pacientes necessitaram revisão cirúrgica após a dilatação; a taxa de complicações reportada foi de 2,5% (n=19). A taxa de sucesso anual foi maior que 98% nos anos 1992 a 2010, exceto por uma de 73% em 2004. Sete estudos relataram complicações, sendo perfuração a mais comum, relatada em 14 pacientes (1,82%), necessitando operação imediata em dois pacientes. Outras complicações foram também relatadas: um hematoma esofágico, uma lesão de Mallory-Weiss, um caso grave de náusea e vômito, e dois casos de dor abdominal importante. CONCLUSÃO: Tratamento endoscópico de estenose é seguro e eficaz; entretanto, mais estudos controlados randomizados devem ser realizados a fim de confirmar esses achados.

INTRODUCTION: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may result in stenosis of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. There is currently no well-defined management protocol for this complication. AIM: Through systematic review, to analyze the results of endoscopic dilation in patients with stenosis, including complication and success rates. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies published each year from 1988 to 2010, and 23 studies were identified for analysis. Only papers describing the treatment of anastomotic stricture after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included, and case reports featuring less than three patients were excluded. RESULTS: The mean age of the trial populations was 42.3 years and mean preoperative body mass index was 48.8 kg/m². A total of 1,298 procedures were undertaken in 760 patients (81% female), performing 1.7 dilations per patient. Through-the-scope balloons were used in 16 studies (69.5%) and Savary-Gilliard bougies in four. Only 2% of patients required surgical revision after dilation; the reported complication rate was 2.5% (n=19). Annual success rate was greater than 98% each year from 1992 to 2010, except for a 73% success rate in 2004. Seven studies reported complications, being perforation the most common, reported in 14 patients (1.82%) and requiring immediate operation in two patients. Other complications were also reported: one esophageal hematoma, one Mallory-Weiss tear, one case of severe nausea and vomiting, and two cases of severe abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of stenosis is safe and effective; however, further high-quality randomized controlled trials should be conducted to confirm these findings.

Endoscopic dilation of gastrojejunal anastomosis after gastric bypass.

INTRODUCTION: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass may result in stenosis of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. There is currently no well-defined management protocol for this complication. AIM: Through systematic review, to analyze the results of endoscopic dilation in patients with stenosis, including complication and success rates. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched for relevant studies published each year from 1988 to 2010, and 23 studies were identified for analysis. Only papers describing the treatment of anastomotic stricture after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included, and case reports featuring less than three patients were excluded. RESULTS: The mean age of the trial populations was 42.3 years and mean preoperative body mass index was 48.8 kg/m². A total of 1,298 procedures were undertaken in 760 patients (81% female), performing 1.7 dilations per patient. Through-the-scope balloons were used in 16 studies (69.5%) and Savary-Gilliard bougies in four. Only 2% of patients required surgical revision after dilation; the reported complication rate was 2.5% (n=19). Annual success rate was greater than 98% each year from 1992 to 2010, except for a 73% success rate in 2004. Seven studies reported complications, being perforation the most common, reported in 14 patients (1.82%) and requiring immediate operation in two patients. Other complications were also reported: one esophageal hematoma, one Mallory-Weiss tear, one case of severe nausea and vomiting, and two cases of severe abdominal pain. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of stenosis is safe and effective; however, further high-quality randomized controlled trials should be conducted to confirm these findings.